Dr. Al Jasser served as the Minister of Economy and Planning and Governor and Board Chairman of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), the Saudi Central Bank.​

He was a member of several ministerial councils, boards, and committees, most notably the Council for Economic Affairs and Development and the Board of Directors of the Public Investment Fund.​

Other previous positions include the Alternate Governor for Saudi Arabia at the IMF, the World Bank, and the Islamic Development Bank, Vice Governor and Vice Chairman of the Board of SAMA, Deputy Minister of Finance and National Economy, IMF Executive Director, Chairman of the GCC Monetary Council, Member of the Governing Body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Chairman of the Board of the Arab Investment Company, and Chairman of the Council of Islamic Financial Services Board.​

Dr. Muhammad Al Jasser received several medals and awards, most notably the King Abdul Aziz Medal of the First Order in 2001.​

Dr. Al Jasser obtained his M.A. (1981) and Ph.D. (1986) in Economics from the University of California. Earlier, he received his B.A. in Economics with honors from San Diego State University in 1979.